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A virtual organization is an organization involving detached and disseminated entities (from employees to entire enterprises) and requiring information technology to support their work and communication.〔() Gupta, Jatinder N.D., Association for Information Systems Preoceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, August 15–17, 1997, Indianapolis, IN, 1997, pp. 417-19〕 Virtual organizations do not represent a firm’s attribute but can be considered as a different organizational form. Unfortunately, it is quite hard to find a precise and fixed definition of fundamental notions such as virtual organization or virtual company.〔(), Afsarmanes, H. and Camarinha, M., 2004. Processes and Foundations for virtual organizations. USA: Kluwer Academic Publisher〕 The term virtual organization ensued from the phrase “virtual reality”, whose purpose is to look like reality by using electronic sounds and images.〔 The term virtual organization implies the novel and innovative relationships between organizations and individuals. Technology and globalization both support this particular type of organization.〔(), Greenberg, D. and Heneman, R., 2002. Human Resource Management in Virtual Organizations. USA: Information Age Publishing〕 Virtual can be defined as "not physically existing as such but made by software to appear to do so",〔() Oxford University Press, 2014. Oxford Dictionary (). Accessible at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com (the 14th October 2014 )〕 in other words “unreal but looking real”.〔 This definition precisely outlines the leading principle of this unconventional organization, which holds the form of a real (conventional) corporation from the outside but does not actually exist physically and implicates an entirely digital process relying on independents web associates.〔() Burn, J., Barnett, M., Marshall, P., 2002. e-Business strategies for Virtual Organizations. Oxford: Taylor & Francis Ltd〕 Thus, virtual organizations are centred on technology and position physical presence in the background. Virtual organizations possess limited physical resources as value is added through (mobile) knowledge rather than (immovable) equipment.〔The Economist, 2009. The virtual organisation. () Accessible at: Virtual organizations necessitate associations, federations, relations, agreements and alliance relationships 〔 as they essentially are partnership webs of disseminated organizational entities or self-governing corporations.〔 == Apparition and evolution == It is not achievable to affirm precisely the time of the apparition of virtual organizations’ notion. This concept was not born in one day nor conceived by one distinct individual but results from several factors including our constantly changing and evolving society as well as the development in the information and communication technologies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「virtual organization」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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